Phoenix, Arizona is the capital of Arizona, and it’s the most populous city in all of Arizona.  With a population of 1,680,992 people in 2019, its also the fifth-most populated city in all of the United States. It is the largest state capital of any state by population, and the only state capital with a population of more than a million permanent residents. Phoenix, Arizona is the anchor city of the Phoenix metro area.  Its name is known as the Valley of the Sun, which is also part of the Salt River Valley. The Phoenix metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the US, and it is the cultural center of Arizona.  The Census Bureau reported it to be roughly 4.73 million people for the year 2017.  Phoenix is the Maricopa County seat, and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles (1,341 km²), making it more than two times the size of Tucson, AZ, and one of the largest cities in the US. Phoenix was originally settled in 1867 as an agricultural community due to the resources of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was officially incorporated as a city in the year 1881. In 1889, it became the capital of the Arizona Territory.  Phoenix, having a hot desert climate, is located within the northeastern quadrant of the Sonoran Desert.  Despite the arid weather conditions, its canal system helped to breed a thriving farming community.   The original settler’s grew an abundance of crops which has remained an important part of the Phoenix booming economy for decades.  These crops were primarily cotton, alfalfa, hay and citrus.  Cattle, cotton, citrus, copper, and climate were known in the region as the “Five C’s” which have anchored Phoenix’s economy since conception. These economic forces remained apart of the city until after the second World War.  Soon after, high-tech companies began relocating to the valley, and air conditioning manufacturers allowed Phoenix’s excessively hot summers a bit more tolerable. Phoenix averaged an approximate four percent population growth rate per year, over a 40-year period between 1965 and 2005.  This growth rate was curbed quite substantially during the economic recession the US experienced in 2008, but it has been on the rebound since 2010.